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In 2008, the main media were owned by the government, but much more privately run forms of media were being created. Brazzaville can be reached from Paris by Air France on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. [10] It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic. • His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, André Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. The opposition, who boycotted the referendum, said that the government's statistics were false and the vote was a fake one.[36]. The region was dominated by Bantu-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. Citizens of France's colonies would share equal rights with French citizens. Premier président élu du Congo en 1992, Pascal Lissouba avait été renversé par un coup d’Etat en 1997. [62], Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. United States State Department. [52][53], The GDP of the Republic of the Congo grew by 6% in 2014 and is expected to have grown by 7.5% in 2015. Brazzaville was founded by the French colonial empire upon an existing indigenous Bateke settlement called Ncuna, during the Scramble for Africa when European nations established spheres of influence on the continent. The country also has a large port on the Atlantic Ocean at Pointe-Noire and others along the Congo River at Brazzaville and Impfondo. Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. [35] On 25 October the government held a referendum to allow Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The native population would be employed in public service positions within the colonies. [20] On the night between February 14 and 15, 1965, three prominent public officials in the Republic of the Congo were kidnapped; Lazare Matsocota (prosecutor of the Republic), Joseph Pouabou (president of the Supreme Court) and Massouémé Anselme (director of the Congolese Information Agency). Cet ingénieur agronome est porté à la magistrature suprême de son pays à la faveur du retour au multipartisme au début de la décennie 1990. De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie. The Brazzaville Conference (French: Conference de Brazzaville) was a meeting of prominent Free French leaders held in January 1944 in Brazzaville, the then-capital of French Equatorial Africa, during World War II.. After the Fall of France to Nazi Germany, the pro-Nazi Vichy France regime controlled the colonies. [64] En quelques mois, Brazzaville la capitale et la plupart des villes sont détruites, avec à la clé, des milliers de morts. Search, Finally, the good figures seem to come from, This page was last edited on 17 September 2020, at 19:56. [23], Pascal Lissouba, who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy, attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalize the economy. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. Choose France, La stratégie d'attractivité des étudiants internationaux; The events organised by Campus France; France Alumni network; Updating online information; ... Brazzaville Congo - Brazzaville. [11] Commercial relationships quickly grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured from the hinterlands. Cette défaite consacre le retour au pouvoir de Dénis Sassou Nguesso après le premier passage entre 1979-1992, au terme d’un putsch contre le Président Yhombi Opango. [58], Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country[59]—but can be grouped into three categories. Avec le décès du Professeur Lissouba, c’est une page d’une longue carrière politique qui se referme définitivement pour celui qui fut entre autres, Premier ministre du Président Alphonse Massamba de 1963 à 1966. N’hésitez pas à écrire à support@mediacongo.net si vous avez des questions ou suggestions. Regionale luchtvaartmaatschappijen vliegen tussen Brazzaville en andere Afrikaanse hoofdsteden zoals Bangui, Douala, Kigali, Libreville, Luanda, N'Djamena, Kinshasa en Johannesburg. Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. Youlou became the first President of the Republic of the Congo. Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship. Economic reforms would be made to diminish the exploitative nature of the relationship between France and its colonies. C’est tout naturellement que bénéficiant de plusieurs alliés, Pascal Lissouba remportera l’élection présidentielle de 1992. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. [29] In March 2015 Sassou announced that he wanted to run for yet another term in office and a constitutional referendum in October resulted in a changed constitution which allowed him to run during the 2016 presidential election. René Pleven, Commissioner for the Colonies in the French Committee of National Liberation, wanted to avoid international arbitration of the future of the French Empire, and in that regard organized the Brazzaville conference, in French Equatorial Africa. Nevertheless, Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country[20] and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup in September 1968. Many historians view it as the first step towards decolonization, albeit a precarious one. 12 January 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.[47]. L'Ambassade de la République du Congo en France, encourage tous les usagers à remplir toutes les exigences énumérées ci-dessus et de payer les visas uniquement en ligne. Le contenu auquel vous tentez d'accéder n'existe pas ou n'est plus disponible. The Italian-born explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, who was granted French citizenship in 1874, officially founded the settlement on 10 September 1880; it commemorates his name . [67] The numerous ethnic groups and various political structures express a rich cultural diversity and forms of art. "RotC" redirects here. Le Refus de fournir tous les documents appropriés entrainera un rejet systématique de vos requêtes consulaires et le retard dans le traitement des demandes de visa. To the west lies Gabon; Cameroon to its northwest and the Central African Republic to its northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the southeast and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to its south; and the Atlantic Ocean to its southwest. After violent protests in the capital, Sassou attacked the Pool region, where the Ninja rebels of the civil war used to be based, in what was believed to be a distraction. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit. Congolese culture, art, and media have suffered from a lack of investment due to the unstable political conditions and warfare. [18] Since the political tension was so high in Pointe-Noire, Youlou moved the capital to Brazzaville. Congo- Brazzaville: Décès en France de l’ancien Président Pascal Lissouba, http://www.mediacongo.net/dpics/filesmanager/actualite/2020_actu/08-aout/24-31/pascal_lisouba_braza.jpg, Cliquez ici pour vous Connecter et poster un commentaire. [34], On 27 March 2015, Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum on changing the country's 2002 constitution to allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office. Faites connaissance avec votre « Code MediaCongo », Vous avez sans doute remarqué un nouveau code à 7 caractères affiché à droite de votre Nom/Pseudo, par exemple « AB25CDF ». One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial". Because of this role the French Committee of National Liberation began questioning the future of the colonies. The Republic of Congo has several writers recognised in Africa and the French-speaking world: Alain Mabanckou, Jean-Baptiste Tati Loutard, Jeannette Balou Tchichelle, Henri Lopes, Lassy Mbouity, and Tchicaya U Tam'si. Royal Air Maroc (Brazzaville – Casablanca), Ethiopian Airlines (Brazzaville - Addis Abeba) en Rwandair (Brazzaville – Kigali). • RFI - Actualités, info, news en direct - Radio France Internationale. This page was last edited on 5 August 2020, at 19:47. United States State Department. On a appris ce lundi matin le décès de l’ancien président du Congo-Brazzaville, Pascal Lissouba. Email. L’homme qui a dirigé la République populaire du Congo après l’ouverture démocratique en 1990 est décédé dans la nuit de dimanche à lundi 24 août 2020 à l’âge de 89 ans. Bureau of African Affairs. [58] Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo. The best way to find a great deal on airfare is to search multiple sites. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. In June 1996, the IMF approved a three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in mid-1997. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. The sovereign state has had multi-party elections since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War, and President Denis Sassou Nguesso, who first came to power in 1979, has ruled for 35 of the past 40 years. Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. There was also a seemingly more open tone towards the French colonies. [64], As of 2010[update], the maternal mortality rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the infant mortality rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (, Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo, Human rights in the Republic of the Congo, List of companies based in the Republic of the Congo, Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa, Demographics of the Republic of the Congo, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Index of Republic of the Congo–related articles, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects", https://ambacongofr.org/index.php/le-congo, Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism, "BBC NEWS – Africa – The man who would be Congo's king", CONGO REPUBLIC: BRAZZAVILLE RIOTS AFTERMATH, "Fulbert Youlou facts, information, pictures – Encyclopedia.com articles about Fulbert Youlou", Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique, "17 candidates in Congo presidential race: commission", Vote results expected as opposition alleges fraud, "FACTBOX-African leaders' French assets under scrutiny", "Les Africains du Panama (1) : les circuits offshore des " fils de, Congo Republic president says expects referendum over the third term, "Congo opposition holds ceremony for killed protesters=Reuters", "Violences au Congo : le government accuse les opposants à Sassou-Nguesso", "Pygmies in the Congo treated like "pets": report", "UN expert praises Congo's draft law on indigenous rights", site of the Presidency of the Republic of the Congo, Map: Situation de l'exploitation forestière en République du Congo, "Kimberley Process Removes the Republic of Congo from the List of Participants", "OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa", "South Africa's white farmers prepare to trek to the Congo", Congo hands land to South African farmers, "Republic of the Congo GDP and Economic Data", "Les pygmées du Congo en "danger d'extinction, Congo. L'ancien chef d'Etat est mort à 88 ans à Perpignan dans le sud de la France, des suites d’une longue maladie. Many sites are difficult to reach in overland visits. One by one they peeled off and switched their allegiance to the Free France movement led by Charles de Gaulle . [24], Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997, when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the civil war. © 2020 Copyright RFI - Tous droits réservés. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. [9], According to a 2011–12 survey, total fertility rate was 5.1 children born per woman, with 4.5 in urban areas and 6.5 in rural areas. Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 15 jun 2020 om 20:20. [2], Tony Smith, [54][55], In 2018, the Republic of the Congo joined the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.[56]. For other uses, see, Largest cities or towns in Republic of the Congo. [11] This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. [41] Embassy of France in Brazzaville, the Republic of the Congo The EmbassyPage for France's embassy in Brazzaville has updated contact details for the mission, including address and telephone number, as well as information about the embassy's website and social media presence. Paix à ton âme cher professeur obligé de mourir loin de tiens à cause de vas nu-pieds de dictateurs au service des autres. Followers of Islam make up 1.6%; this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers. Une ouverture démocratique favorisée par le Vent d’Est, à l’origine des alternances dans la plupart des pays d’Afrique, notamment les ex colonies françaises alors habituées à des coups d’Etat. [64] Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. [38][39] The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. Après Joachim Yhongo Opango qui a dirigé le Congo entre 1977-1979, décédé le 30 mars 2020 en France à l’âge de 81 ans, c’est autour de Pascal Lissouba, un autre vétéran de la politique congolaise de tirer sa révérence à l’hôpital de Perpignan, des suites de maladie. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government, with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Departments are divided into communes and districts. Invitations were sent to 21 governors, nine members of the Consultative Assembly, and six observers from Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. This led to a revival of the Ninja rebels who launched attacks against the army in April 2016, leading 80,000 people to flee their homes. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on 15 August 1960. The dry season is from June to August, while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March–May and another in September–November. It is working to improve the network that supports its hotels and related tourism facilities in Pointe Noire and Brazzaville. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. [38] On 30 December 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on 31 December 1968. They included the end of forced labor, the end of special legal restrictions that applied to natives but not to whites, the establishment of elected territorial assemblies, representation in Paris in a new "French Federation", and the eventual entry of black Africans in the French Assembly. Mais le temps donnera une bonne réponse à Sassou... Paix à son âme, In addition, the French were being aided by the US, which opposed colonialism. Sassou qui bénéficie notamment de l’appui de la France et à travers des milices armées, entre autres les « Cobras », mais aussi du soutien de l’armée angolaise réussira à renverser Pascal Lissouba, contraint d’abandonner le pouvoir le pouvoir le 15 octobre 1997. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president. Il s’agit de Votre Code MediaCongo, unique à chaque utilisateur, et qui permet de faire la différence entre utilisateurs ayant le même Nom ou Pseudo. Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991. The country's rail system was built by forced laborers during the 1930s and largely remains in operation. When you run a search on FareCompare, we search multiple sites and fare sources all at once so you don't have to - which is why we think FareCompare is … The methods were often brutal: construction of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.[11]. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. Restoration of architectural works is underway in Brazzaville, such as the Basilica of Sainte-Anne du Congo, which was completed in 2011.[68]. Vous voulez poursuivre vos études en France, vous êtes au CONGO, à Brazzaville ou à Pointe Noire, vous devez obligatoirement passer par la Procédure Campus France via l'Institut Français du Congo(IFC), avant de deposer votre demande de Visa. however, independence was explicitly rejected as a future possibility: During World War II, the French colonial empire played an essential role, through its gradual alignment with Free France. If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. Initially, the French Committee of National Liberation wanted to include all the governors from all free territories, but due to war difficulties, the Committee only included administrative représentants from French territories in Africa, which had already joined de Gaulle and René Pleven. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. It was a Marxist–Leninist state from 1969 to 1992, under the name People's Republic of the Congo. Because of problems with the communication network, the country is not ready to build on heritage tourism. The second largest group are the Teke, who live to the north of Brazzaville, with 17% of the population. Police officials said Saturday that Friday's attack took place near the Mindouli train station in the Pool region, 200 kilometers (124 miles) south of Brazzaville… [69] In 2005 net primary enrollment rate was 44%, a significant drop from the 79% in 1991. [48][49], The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. [43], In 2006–07, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. Sa défaite militaire actée, l’ex Président ne réussira plus à se relancer politiquement, d’autant que son parti est traversé par plusieurs courants divergents plusieurs cadres ayant opté d’intégrer les rangs du pouvoir. [14] The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Que vous cherchiez un vol de dernière minute Brazzaville - Paris (France) ou un départ plus lointain, profitez ici de nos tarifs les plus avantageux. After their promising start in the 1970s, the troubled political situation and the closure of cinemas made production of films difficult. After centuries as a major hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels. Merci et excellente expérience sur mediacongo.net [50] The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). At university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after five. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). La nouvelle de son décès, qui a rapidement fait le tour des réseaux sociaux, a été confirmée à RFI par Honoré Sayi, député à l’Assemblée nationale et porte-parole de l’Union panafricaine pour la démocratie sociale (UPADS), la formation politique créée en 1991 par le professeur Lissouba. [16] Antagonism between the Mbochis (who favored Jacques Opangault) and the Laris and Kongos (who favored Fulbert Youlou, the first black mayor elected in French Equatorial Africa) resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.[17]. Semi-autonomous assemblies would be established in each colony. [28] According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities". Né le 15 novembre 1931 à Tsinguidi dans le département du Niari, Pascal Lissouba deux fois marié et père de onze enfants vivait en exil en France depuis 2004. In January 1944, Free French politicians and high-ranking colonial officials from the French African colonies met in Brazzaville in the modern-day Republic of the Congo. [25] A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. The bodies of two of them were later found, mutilated, by the Congo River. info) French: République du Congo, Kongo: Repubilika ya Kôngo), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic[7][8] or simply either Congo or the Congo is a country located in the western coast of Central Africa. The Republic of the Congo has become the fourth-largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea, providing the country with a degree of prosperity despite political and economic instability in some areas and unequal distribution of oil revenue nationwide. En l’espace de cinq mois, le Congo-Brazzaville vient de perdre deux anciens Chefs d’Etat. As de Gaulle stated: The aims of France's civilizing mission preclude any thought of autonomy or any possibility of development outside the French empire. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence. Artists have struggled to build a film industry. Notre seul objectif et engagement est de continuer de vous offrir un service de qualité. Among the best known are Vili nail fetishes, Beembe statuettes that are full of expression; the masks of the Punu and Kwele, Kota reliquaries, Teke fetishes, and cemeteries with monumental tombs are examples of this variety. De Gaulle opened the Conference by saying he wanted to build new foundations for France after years under the domination of Philippe Pétain and his authoritarian regime. [21][22] Massamba-Débat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup d'état in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. After the end of the Tunisia campaign, the entire colonial empire reunited in favor of the Allied forces; with the exception of French Indochina, which remained loyal to the Vichy government. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. [40][needs update]. En quelques mois, Brazzaville la capitale et la plupart des villes sont détruites, avec à la clé, des milliers de morts. Congo was formerly part of the French colony of Equatorial Africa. Congolese singers have become known internationally: the Franco-Congolese rapper Passi's work is broadcast in France, and he has released several hit albums, such as Temptations, with the famous song "I zap and I mate." The war created many difficulties for local people, and saw the growth of nationalist aspirations and tensions between communities in French North Africa; particularly in Algeria and Tunisia. Sangha, Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen. [9] Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004. The Brazzaville Conference is still regarded as a turning point for France and its colonial empire. The government claimed that the proposal was approved by 92% of voters with 72% of eligible voters participating. After the Fall of France to Nazi Germany, the pro-Nazi Vichy France regime controlled the colonies. [9] Female genital mutilation (FGM) is rare in the country, being confined to limited geographic areas of the country.[66]. He won the election believed by many to be fraudulent. [12], The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with King Makoko[13] of the Bateke. Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. [10], Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Performance & security by Cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access. Congo's economy is heavily dependent on the oil sector, and economic growth has slowed considerably since the post-2015 drop in oil prices. Ainsi s’achève la vie de celui que nombre d’observateurs et d’analystes présentent comme « le premier Président démocratiquement élu du Congo ». [clarification needed] This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent. The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 'Loi n°11-2003 du 6 février 2003 portant statut particulier de la ville de Brazzaville et de la ville de Pointe-Noire', https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville&oldid=56553593, Wikipedia:Commonscat met lokaal zelfde link als op Wikidata, Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken, Dit artikel of een eerdere versie ervan is een (gedeeltelijke) vertaling van het artikel. "A Comparative Study of French and British Decolonization", Decolonisation of Africa#French colonial empire, Speech made by General de Gaulle at the opening of the Brazzaville Conference on January 30th 1944, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazzaville_Conference&oldid=971381035, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903.In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic).

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