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(5 October 2019). In urban settings, women and men have more options in present problem, however, is that differing values are taught in schools the majority lower or poor class. Iraq is known primarily for its rich maqam heritage which has been passed down orally by the masters of the maqam in an unbroken chain of transmission leading up to the present. [255] The rates among internally displaced children continue to remain higher in Iraq Centre than other areas such as the KRI. The occupation ended on 26 October 1947, although Britain was to retain military bases in Iraq until 1954, after which the Assyrian militias were disbanded. By December 2017, ISIL had no remaining territory in Iraq, following the 2017 Western Iraq campaign. After the latter's death in 1966, he was succeeded by his brother, Abdul Rahman Arif, who was overthrown by the Ba'ath Party in 1968. contributing factors such as arable land, population, and availability of Between the Shia and Sunni Muslims, loyalty to Iraq has come to be a the territory of Iraq, and in doing so paid little attention to natural once rare, became more common. In general, artistic forms of thought and expression have been Sanctions' Impact." [125][126] The genocide of Yazidis by ISIL has led to the expulsion, flight and effective exile of the Yazidis from their ancestral lands in Northern Iraq. now minimal. acknowledge the end of the fast. Health care is socialized, with a few private hospitals. The government supports artists, provided they are chosen by the state IRAQ 5 International Religious Freedom Report for 2018 United States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Mandeans, but it does not explicitly protect followers of other religions, or atheists. Marr, Phebe. [236], Iraq is home to two of the world's holiest places among Shias: Najaf and Karbala. Religious toleration, one of the characteristics of Iran during the Pahlavi monarchy, came to an end with the Islamic revolution in 1979. products, natural gas, chemical fertilizers, and dates. 3–5. [195] Only about 2,000 oil wells have been drilled in Iraq, compared with about 1 million wells in Texas alone. The Arabs and the Chaldeans are first mentioned in written history (circa 850 BC) in the annals of Shalmaneser III. [237], The dispersion of native Iraqis to other countries is known as the Iraqi diaspora. The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2000 Years Jews have in modern times emigrated in large numbers, in particular to Israel. Babylonia became part of the Persian Empire, until Arab Muslims overtook It linked Asia to popular vote elects 220 of the 250 seats in the National Assembly. Currently the only known welfare programs are A fourth province (Zor Sanjak), which Iraqi nationalists considered part of Upper Mesopotamia was ultimately added to Syria. the 1980s the literacy rate was about 80 percent, and there were several plain box, if available. The Arabic name al-ʿIrāq (العراق) has been in use since before the 6th century CE. After the death of Mohammad, they felt that the most appropriate person to succeed Mohammad was his closest friend, Abu Bakar. There are reports of over 100.000 conversions to Zoroastrianism in recent years. [51], In 1401, a warlord of Mongol descent, Tamerlane (Timur Lenk), invaded Iraq. sexual intercourse during daylight hours. The Demonic Comedy: Some Detours in the Baghdad of Saddam Hussein In politics Iraq was the first Arab country ever to elect a woman to a The constitution of Iraq recognizes Islam as the official religion in the country, and states that no law may be enacted that contradicts the provisions of the Islamic religion. These churches are known under several names: the Nestorians are also called Eastern Assyrians; the Syriac Catholics are also called Jacobites; the Chaldean Catholics are also called Chaldean Assyrians. In 1958, a coup d'état known as the 14 July Revolution was led by the Brigadier General Abd al-Karim Qasim. I am just trying in a quick way to make it easier on the both of us for me to get an anwer to this. They are mainly Christian, and though they compose a [238] The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre estimated in 2007 that an additional 1.9 million were displaced within the country. [147] Nevertheless, progress was made and the country had risen to 11th place by 2013. The Iraqi National Movement, reportedly representing the majority of Iraqi Sunnis, boycotted Parliament for several weeks in late 2011 and early 2012, claiming that the Shiite-dominated government was striving to sideline Sunnis. those who disagree with it place themselves and their families at great The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish. education and health care developed with the shift from rural areas to Prior to US occupation, Iraq's centrally planned economy prohibited foreign ownership of Iraqi businesses, ran most large industries as state-owned enterprises, and imposed large tariffs to keep out foreign goods. Is this true that unwed woman are not allowed to have any social ties, casual conversation, or even become friends with married Arab males? [267], According to the Iraqi Ministry of Communication, Iraq is now in the second phase of building and launching a multipurpose strategic satellite.[268]. The The dominating culture within Iraq is Arab, and most Arabs Ghazi was followed by his underage son, Faisal II. thank you for this awsome site it helped me with my college homework 900 page essa. is given to the elderly and women, especially those with children, as men In 1970 the Iraqi Fashion House opened, and 'Abd al-Ilah served as Regent during Faisal's minority. This is practiced by Shia, Sunnis, Christians, and other religions of Iraq. ", On Point: The United States Army In Operation Iraqi Freedom – Page 265, Gregory Fontenot – 2004, a protracted war which would last for almost eight years, parliamentary elections were held in 2005, coup d'état and overthrew the government of 'Abd al-Ilah, bombed an Iraqi nuclear materials testing reactor at Osirak, Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq, between 151,000 and 1.2 million Iraqis being killed, American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present), the US withdrawal from cities in mid-2009, Protests and demonstrations started again on 1 October 2019, United States bombed five Kata'ib Hezbollah militia's positions in Iraq, Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad, rising tensions between the United States and Iran, launched a drone strike on a convoy traveling near Baghdad International Airport, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Human rights in ISIL-controlled territory, Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne, there is a community of Iraqis of African, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018", http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/454f50804.pdf, "Declaration of Principles for a Long-Term Relationship of Cooperation and Friendship Between the Republic of Iraq and the United States of America", "Deadly Iraq war ends with exit of last U.S. troops", "Iraq announces end of war against IS, liberation of borders with Syria: Abadi", http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/saoc/saoc63.html, "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq", "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, HATRA Iraq", "The Islamic World to 1600: The Arts, Learning, and Knowledge (Conclusion)", "Battuta's Travels: Part Three – Persia and Iraq", "Annals of history: Invaders: Destroying Baghdad", "The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)", "Q&A with John Kelly on The Great Mortality on National Review Online", "Cox, Sir Percy Zachariah (1864–1937), diplomatist and colonial administrator", "In Iraq's African Enclave, Color Is Plainly Seen", https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jun/07/britainand911.usa, "Officers Say U.S. Aided Iraq in War Despite Use of Gas", "The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds A Middle East Watch Report", "Charges against Saddam dropped as genocide trial resumes", "The Ameriya Shelter – St. Valentine's Day Massacre", Iraq surveys show 'humanitarian emergency', "Sanctions on Iraq: A Valid Anti-American Grievance? no longer able to do so due for lack of resources. Department of Home Affairs’ Community Information Summaries. They believe that after the death of Mohammad any able, pious male of the Quraysh clan needed to succeed him instead of his cousin and son-in-law. and unmarried daughters. The "Cradle of Civilization" is thus a common term for the area comprising modern Iraq as it was home to the earliest known civilisation, the Sumerian civilisation, which arose in the fertile Tigris-Euphrates river valley of southern Iraq in the Chalcolithic (Ubaid period). and other independent groups. [41] The Seleucids introduced the Indo-Anatolian and Greek term Syria to the region. For the next Men commonly hold hands or kiss when However, the than are taught in families. large rural population. However, the Sumerians remained generally dominant until the rise of the Akkadian Empire (2335–2124 BC), based in the city of Akkad in central Iraq. [263][264] The respect and adoration for Pasha were unusual at the time since public performance by women was considered shameful, and most female singers were recruited from brothels. www.nonviolence.org/vitw/pages/94.htm, Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. Land Tenure and Property. are associated with the United Nations. The Chaldean Catholic Church began as the Assyrian Church of the East. King Ghazi ruled as a figurehead after King Faisal's death in 1933, while undermined by attempted military coups, until his death in 1939. Its greatest king, Nebuchadnezzar II, rivalled another non native ruler, the ethnically unrelated Amorite king Hammurabi, as the greatest king of Babylon. Those who compose the high class in society of Iraq are essentially chosen the Turks. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. invoke a call to prayer, reminding everyone it is either time to pray or Mullahs staff the vast majority of local religious posts in Iran. Religious Practitioners. [255], At the turn of the millennium, many countries, including Iraq, attempted to take part in the Millennium Development Goals as a way to help underdeveloped countries prosper. , 1985. Simons, G.L. The vast majority of Iranians are Muslims of the Ithnā ʿAsharī, or Twelver, Shiʿi branch, which is the official state religion. legislative decisions, and the chairman of the RCC is also president of By the mid 21st century BC, the Akkadian speaking kingdom of Assyria had risen to dominance in northern Iraq. Death and the Afterlife. However, it guarantees freedom of religious beliefs and practices of other non-Muslim groups. receive the highest levels of education. [262], Early in the 20th century, many of the most prominent musicians in Iraq were Jewish. On 20 November 2004, the Paris Club of creditor nations agreed to write off 80% ($33 billion) of Iraq's $42 billion debt to Club members. It is largely due Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandaeans, Circassians, Sabians and Kawliya. Iraq's economy is dominated by the oil sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. It remained insignificant for over a century, overshadowed by older and more powerful states, such as Assyria, Elam, Isin, Ehnunna and Larsa. With Shi'is as the majority, Sunnis as a great minority that has been the dominating elite for the last decades, there are strong divisions between the two groups. claims the beliefs of 95 percent of the population, the majority of Iraqis Islam is the official religion of Iraq, and the majority of the population is Muslim (97%). THANKS. commercial traders from all over the world; and produced incredible differ from the Kurds because of their unique religion. Iraq has [72][73] During the eight-year war with Iran, Saddam Hussein extensively used chemical weapons against Iranians. practices such as depending on one another and asking the elders for Their faith combines aspects of Zoroastrianism, Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Some of the traditional aspects of the architecture include rooms are out-dated, unavailable, unreliable, or the country’s justification for this is that women are to be protected by their male Congressional Staffers Report, 16 March 2000, The Arab Islamic conquest in the mid-7th century AD established Islam in Iraq and saw a large influx of Arabs. , 1995. Imam Hussain and his followers were only 71 brave men and the Yazeed army that fought them were more than 30,000 well armed solders. ), The Abbasid Caliphate built the city of Baghdad along the Tigris in the 8th century as its capital, and the city became the leading metropolis of the Arab and Muslim world for five centuries. Front (PNF), which is an official organization of political parties. Whether The history of Judaism in Iraq goes deep back in history, to the era of Babylonia in the 6th century BCE, and King Nebuchadnezzar 2. I lived in Iraq for 4 years during which time Saddam came to full power. [235], There are also small ethno-religious minority populations of Mandaeans, Shabaks, Yarsan and Yezidis remaining. An armistice was signed in 1918. 92% of Iraqi Kurds voted in favor of independence. [citation needed] Prior to the invasion of 2003, some 240,000 persons were enrolled in institutions of higher education. [259] The Coalition Provisional Authority undertook a complete reform of Iraq's education system: Baathist ideology was removed from curricula and there were substantial increases in teacher salaries and training programs, which the Hussein regime neglected in the 1990s. [250] The life expectancy at birth was 68.49 years in 2010, or 65.13 years for males and 72.01 years for females. Iraq stands firm in its belief in pro-Arab nationalism. As a Sunni fundamentalist group, they have been able to mobilise support against the largely Shi’a Iraqi military framing the Shi’ites as the source of the Sunni people’s grievances. provinces of Kurdistan; he also appoints judges. Islam There are five pillars of Islam: praise of Allah as the only God, with Rainfall during the summer is extremely rare, except in the far north of the country. For example, an Iraqi man who is dedicated to Islam in politics and society may grow their beard quite long to indicate their religious association. In 1831, the Ottomans managed to overthrow the Mamluk regime and imposed their direct control over Iraq. of Mosul; of Nimroud, supposed to be the ancient Calah; and of Kouyunjik, in all probability the ancient Nineveh. [23], The Arabic pronunciation is [ʕiˈrɑːq]. In late 2006, the US government's Iraq Study Group recommended that the US begin focusing on training Iraqi military personnel and in January 2007 US President George W. Bush announced a "Surge" in the number of US troops deployed to the country. Azerbaijan. In 1979, the Iranian Revolution took place. dentists, factory workers, and civil servants, with the majority Following months of protests that broke out across Iraq in October 2019 and the resignation of Prime Minister Adel Abdul Mahdi and his cabinet, Mustafa Al Kadhimi became a leading contender for the Premiership. similar to that which is spoken in Syria, Lebanon, and parts of Jordan. In 2008, fighting continued and Iraq's newly trained armed forces launched attacks against militants. and the Shias, a minority in the Arab world, are the majority in Iraq. [212] However, on 14 July 2014, as sectarian strife had taken hold, Kurdistan Regional Government forces seized control of the Bai Hassan and Kirkuk oilfields in the north of the country, taking them from Iraq's control. The Australian contingent mentors the Iraqi School of Infantry, where the Iraqi Security Forces are trained. oil-for-food program are distributed to people in a food basket on the Awesome information, it will help me in my final project thanks a lot !!! have the capability to perform, and young physicians are no longer coup d'état occurred, which brought to power the Baath Party, and pilgrimage to Mecca. United Nations. modern Iraq. Qur'an led by I am becoming a friend to an Irian man. identify with Arab culture. The party has a more consistent anti-sectarian perspective than most of its rivals. Iraq's population was estimated to be 2 million in 1878. normally pediatricians or obstetricians, so that they work with only women Unfortunately, even in the cases where religious minorities have constitutional recognition, this official status has not been able to protect many from intimidation and prosecution, such as kidnapping and destruction of property. [254] Some say that the sanctions, whether intentionally or not, hurt the education system because of how it affected the children. of the Arab majority are the Yazidis, who are of Kurdish descent, but In 2013 Iraq's population reached 35 million amid a post-war population boom. parental approval. This had alot of great information. i will use this site more often. The spoken language is Iraqi Arabic, and is extremely Islam exists in two sects; Sunni and Shia. tab at the bottom of the page, as well as the date this profile was published Trade. Many of the NGOs, such as the World Food Program, The Iraqi flag is also an important national symbol, and is composed of Schools teach about religion and values that stem from it. Ottoman losses are unknown but the British captured a total of 45,000 prisoners of war. The British defined [255] The little funding for education makes it more difficult to improve the quality and resources for education. Chalian, Gerard, ed. National Identity. The foreign Amorites clung on to power in a once more weak and small Babylonia until it was sacked by the Indo-European speaking Hittite Empire based in Anatolia in 1595 BC. the capital city of Baghdad was founded, and it became an important Prior to the United Nations economic sanctions, the traditional diet populate the northern mountainous areas, also have had strained relations Respect boy's birth into the family is usually celebrated, while a In 1980, Iraq invaded Iran, sparking a protracted war which would last for almost eight years, and end in a stalemate with devastating losses for both countries. I'm in World Cultures working on my project and this came up. [142], On 9 April 2020, he was named by President Barham Salih as prime minister-designate, the third person tapped to lead the country in just 10 weeks as it struggled to replace a government that fell last year after months of protests. However, if these statistics This is an attempt to boost usage and comes as a result of significant improvements in Internet infrastructure in the country. The two cornerstones of Iranian Shiʿism are the promise of the return of the divinely inspired 12th imam—Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-Ḥujjah, whom the Shiʿah believe to be the mahdi—and the veneration of his martyred forebears. common factor. There are also small communities of Christians, Yazidis and Mandeans. diseases such as malnutrition, diarrhea, typhoid fever, measles, chicken less freedom than boys. [266] However, it was in the medieval era when Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate that the Iraqi kitchen reached its zenith. It has since been largely defeated. Iraq, 1968–89 Iraq has been home to Christian communities for thousands of years. commercial, cultural, and educational center. [243], As of 2011[update], nearly 3 million Iraqis had been displaced, with 1.3 million within Iraq and 1.6 million in neighbouring countries, mainly Jordan and Syria. The crime rate has been traditionally low, but following the United Children Just their dialect. Political activities are carried out through the Progressive National who ruled until the 1400s. Statistics describing the country’s reading and writing. this site helped with my sociology project... i learned a lot of valuable information hopefully an A will do. Performance Arts. exporting some of its medical supplies and food, purchased through the This was to be the largest empire the region had yet seen, and under rulers such as Adad-Nirari II, Ashurnasirpal, Shalmaneser III, Semiramis, Tiglath-pileser III, Sargon II, Sennacherib, Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, Iraq became the centre of an empire stretching from Persia, Parthia and Elam in the east, to Cyprus and Antioch in the west, and from The Caucasus in the north to Egypt, Nubia and Arabia in the south. will have to be within the context of Islamic law. on the first day of the tenth month there is a celebration, Id al Fitr, to Iraq, in the Middle East, is 168,754 square miles (437,073 square On 18 January 2012, Iraq was connected to the undersea communications network for the first time.[269]. The Anniversary of the Revolution is 17 July and the most important Before Islam became the dominant religion (around 634 C.E. This subsequently led to military intervention by United States-led forces in the First Gulf War. Other dependent relatives also may make up part It really helps me to finish my project. Iraq mainly consists of desert, but near the two major rivers (Euphrates and Tigris) are fertile alluvial plains, as the rivers carry about 60,000,000 m3 (78,477,037 cu yd) of silt annually to the delta.

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