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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. [216], According to the Crisis Group,[217] since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011, the country's human rights record has been improving. Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful; however, allegations of polling station irregularities were raised, and the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.[101]. Though incorporated in the 1947 Constitution, successive military governments construed the use of the term ‘federalism’ as being anti-national, anti-unity and pro-disintegration.[74]. Myanmar is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India. [285][286], These patterns stem from economic dynamics, including high income inequality, which results in residents of reproductive age opting for delay of marriage and family-building in favour of attempting to find employment and establish some form of wealth;[285] the average age of marriage in Myanmar is 27.5 for men, 26.4 for women. [326] Historically, Myanmar has had high literacy rates. Myanmar's "Valley of Rubies", the mountainous Mogok area, 200 km (120 mi) north of Mandalay, is noted for its rare pigeon's blood rubies and blue sapphires. Under Japanese occupation, 170,000 to 250,000 civilians died. [205][206], Starting in late 2016, Myanmar's military and police started large-scale persecutions of Rohingya peoples in Rakhine state. The government also tried to implement a poorly considered Eight-Year plan. Through collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997, helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996. [1] Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) since 1997. Conservative estimates state that there are over 295,800 minority refugees from Myanmar, with the majority being Rohingya, Karen, and Karenni are principally located along the Thai-Myanmar border. [24] The CIA's World Factbook lists the country as Burma as of August 2020[update]. "[180] The UN's Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, Radhika Coomaraswamy, who stepped down from her position a week later, met representatives of the government of Myanmar in July 2012 and stated that she hoped the government's signing of an action plan would "signal a transformation. [1][23] In English, the country is popularly known as either Burma or Myanmar. [15] As of 2016[update], Myanmar ranks 145 out of 188 countries in human development, according to the Human Development Index. Population féminine actuelle (50.7%) 744 663. Many religions are practised in Myanmar. [45] Human remains and artefacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Region. [51], By the 9th century, several city-states had sprouted across the land: the Pyu in the central dry zone, Mon along the southern coastline and Arakanese along the western littoral. It lies in the monsoon region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually. It is a country rich in jade and gems, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. [78] SLORC changed the country's official English name from the "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma" to the "Union of Myanmar" in 18 June 1989 by enacting the adaptation of the expression law. [166], There is consensus that the former military regime in Myanmar (1962–2010) was one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. [241] In 2010–11, Bangladesh exported products worth $9.65 million to Myanmar against its import of $179 million. As a major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II by the Japanese invasion. Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately 2,500 mm (98.4 in), while average annual rainfall in the dry zone in central Myanmar is less than 1,000 mm (39.4 in). [283] There has been a significant decline in fertility in recent years, from a rate of 4.7 children per woman in 1983, down to 2.4 in 2001, despite the absence of any national population policy. [288] The Kayin make up 7% of the population. They destroyed the major government buildings, oil wells and mines for tungsten, tin, lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese. In 1989, SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests. Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (နားသ) at the same time. Myanmar's education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom. Myanmar was bombed extensively by both sides. Infant and child burials in the Samon valley, Myanmar. [49], Around the second century BCE the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar. [149], In June 2013, Myanmar held its first ever summit, the World Economic Forum on East Asia 2013. It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar. Decades of civil war and unrest have contributed to Myanmar's current levels of poverty and lack of economic progress. Foreigners will no longer need a local partner to start a business in the country, and will be able to legally lease but not own property. "[266] Expansions were expected in September 2013 but are mainly Thai and other Asian-based airlines. [90], In October 2012, the ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict,[91] between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government;[92] a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State;[93] and a conflict between the Shan,[94] Lahu, and Karen[95][96] minority groups, and the government in the eastern half of the country. Le taux de mortalité 2018 est le rapport du nombre de décès, au cours de 2018, à la population moyenne de 2018. [268][269] From May 2012 to February 2013, the United States began to lift its economic sanctions on Myanmar "in response to the historic reforms that have been taking place in that country. 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Doubts Fairness of Election in Myanmar", "Obstacles lie ahead in Burma's bid for reform", "Budding Friendship on Display as Clinton, Burma's Suu Kyi Meet Again", "Clinton Says U.S. Will Relax Some Restrictions on Myanmar", "US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to visit Burma", "Aung San Suu Kyi hails 'new era' for Burma after landslide victory", "Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy Wins Majority in Myanmar", "Suu Kyi's novice MPs learn ropes in outgoing Myanmar parliament", "Myanmar Lawmakers Name Htin Kyaw President, Affirming Civilian Rule", Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier, "Reuters, Cyclone-hit Myanmar says 92 percent back charter", "2010 Burmese Election may be Illegitimate: Clinton", "Western states dismiss Burma's election", "Aung San Suu Kyi has to tread softly – but governments must tell it like it is", "Guardian report on Aung's release from house arrest", "Suu Kyi's NLD democracy party to rejoin Burma politics", "Burma Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003", "U.S. to Renew Myanmar Ties in Light of Reforms", "The EU's relations with Burma / Myanmar", "David Cameron calls for Myanmar sanctions to be suspended", "Burma, India to sign accord on use of India's remote sensing satellite data", "India looks to Burma to slake growing thirst for gas", "Myanmar, India to build IT centres in Myanmar_English_Xinhua", "India to develop two hydel power projects in Myanmar – 56908", "India and Burma: time to choose (Human Rights Watch, 14-1-2008)", "The Barefoot Diplomat: Hillary Clinton Begins Landmark Visit to Burma", "Myanmar's Suu Kyi begins landmark US visit", "Burma's president to make historic US visit", "Obama Vows US Support As Myanmar Leader Visits", "Pheonix Voyages appointed travel manager for Myanmar's first major summit", "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? [313][314] Jehovah's Witnesses have been present since 1914[315] and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages. Découvrez nos suggestions d’itinéraires en Birmanie: Selon les dernières enquêtes démographiques effectuées sur la population Birmanie, les Birmanes seraient de 56,3 millions. In upper Myanmar, there are rhinoceros, wild water buffalo, clouded leopard, wild boars, deer, antelope, and elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the lumber industry. [58], With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770 and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. And I’ll make an effort to say Myanmar from time to time so you all feel comfortable".[22]. [10] In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. [105], The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014;[106] the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress, which was the first visit by a secretary of state in more than fifty years,[107] during which President Bill Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein, as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi;[108] and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi's NLD party in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD. Selon le recensement de 2014, le premier depuis 1983, la Birmanie aurait 51 419 420 habitants, alors que les projections précédentes estimaient que la population du pays était plutôt de l'ordre de 60 millions d'habitants [14].. By the 1950s, rice exports had fallen by two-thirds and mineral exports by over 96% (as compared to the pre-World War II period). "[214] The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication. [301] Burmese society has traditionally stressed the importance of education. The provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420. [265], Flights are available from most countries, though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines. One of the first to study western art was Ba Nyan. [73] Among the Burmese to work at the UN when he was secretary-general was Aung San Suu Kyi (daughter of Aung San), who went on to become winner of the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Pagan Empire and the Khmer Empire were two main powers in mainland Southeast Asia. The results, 92.4% of the 22 million voters with an official turnout of 99%, are considered suspect by many international observers and by the National League of Democracy with reports of widespread fraud, ballot stuffing, and voter intimidation. The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century. Population actuelle: 27 711 707. The Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population. ", "List of UN General Assembly Resolutions on Burma", "UN General Assembly Resolution: Time for Concrete Action", "Statement to the EU Development Committee", "Amnesty International 2009 Report on Human Rights in Myanmar", "Satellite Images Verify Myanmar Forced Relocations, Mounting Military Presence", "Myanmar set to release some 70 prisoners", "Burma Govt Releases 73 Political Prisoners", "Myanmar: Final push on political prisoners needed", "Myanmar's 'slow genocide' is revealed through the eyes of its child victims", "2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Thailand", "Two Burmese children a week conscripted into military", "Press Conference on Action Plan to End Recruitment of Child Soldiers in Myanmar", "ILO in Talks with Kachins over Child Soldiers", "Myanmar: 10th anniversary of military repression", "Give Us a Baby and We'll Let You Go: Trafficking of Kachin Brides from Myanmar to China", "Trapped inside Myanmar's refugee camps, the Rohingya people call for recognition", "US Holocaust Museum highlights plight of Myanmar's downtrodden Rohingya Muslims", "Burma's monks call for Muslim community to be shunned", "Bangladesh accused of 'crackdown' on Rohingya refugees", "Myanmar, Bangladesh leaders 'to discuss Rohingya, "The Rohingya: Unwanted at Home, Unwelcome Abroad", "Origin of 'most persecuted minority' statement unclear", "Rohingyas are not citizens: Myanmar minister", "Exodus grows as Muslim Rohingya flee persecution in Myanmar homeland", "Four killed as Rohingya Muslims riot in Myanmar: government", "UN Reports Increase in Boat People Fleeing Myanmar, Bangladesh", "AP finds mass graves, latest evidence of Rohingya genocide in Myanmar", "Situation in the People's Republic of Bangladesh/Republic of the Union of Myanmar", "Burma unrest: UN body says 90,000 displaced by violence", "Myanmar stung by global censure over unrest", "UN refugee agency redeploys staff to address humanitarian needs in Myanmar", "MediaShift. However, as explained by one editorial in the exiled press The Irrawaddy, this new "freedom" has caused some Burmese journalists to simply see the new law as an attempt to create an environment of self-censorship as journalists "are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes: and "journalistic ethics" to ensure their stories are accurate and do not jeopardise national security. Burmese cuisine is characterised by extensive use of fish products such as fish sauce, ngapi (fermented seafood) and dried prawn. Myanmar is the largest in Mainland Southeast Asia and 10th largest in Asia by Area. The Burmese government announced on 20 August 2012 that it would stop censoring media before publication. Rubies are the biggest earner; 90% of the world's rubies come from the country, whose red stones are prized for their purity and hue. As part of the referendum process, the name of the country was changed from the "Union of Myanmar" to the "Republic of the Union of Myanmar", and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010. [156] Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia, Ukraine, China and India. [328] Factors influencing Myanmar's high murder rate include communal violence and armed conflict. The U.S. State Department reported that both the government and Tatmadaw were complicit in sex and labour trafficking. Les autres habitants sont issus des autres ethnies de Birmanie. [240] Myanmar lacks adequate infrastructure. [111] The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016,[112] and on 15 March 2016, Htin Kyaw was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962. In July 2013, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons. [316] [223] In September 2011, several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked. Secondary and tertiary education take place at government schools. [164] In January 2007, Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council[165] calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition. [211] The cause of the riots is unclear, with many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine after the rape and murder of a Rakhine woman as the main cause. [178], Child soldiers had played a major part in the Burmese Army until around 2012. Chronicle of National Development Comparison Between Period Preceding 1988 and after (up to 31 December 2006). Myanmar is the largest producer of methamphetamines in the world, with the majority of Ya ba found in Thailand produced in Myanmar, particularly in the Golden Triangle and northeastern Shan State, which borders Thailand, Laos and China. [334] Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats.[335][336]. [116] The Irrawaddy River, Myanmar's longest river at nearly 2,170 kilometres (1,348 mi), flows into the Gulf of Martaban. Myanmar used to be known as Birmânia in Portuguese, and as Birmanie in French. The balance was upset when the Pyu came under repeated attacks from Nanzhao between the 750s and the 830s. [204] They have been fleeing to Thailand, Malaysia, or even Australia for refuge. For the Myanmar language, see, "Burma" redirects here. [184] Human trafficking happens mostly to women who are unemployed and have low incomes. [14] The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the former military government. Burmese armed forces compel troops to acquire labour and supplies from local communities. The graphic novel was translated into English under the title Burma Chronicles in 2008. [126][127][128] One criticism of the election was that only government-sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal. [54], Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. [53] The Burmese language and culture gradually became dominant in the upper Irrawaddy valley, eclipsing the Pyu, Mon and Pali norms by the late 12th century. [23] The military is very influential in Myanmar, with all top cabinet and ministry posts usually held by military officials. After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions,[135] the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011[108] and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012[136] The European Union has placed sanctions on Myanmar, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid. Political activists objected to the visit because of concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar, but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive U.S. support. [259], Myanmar's Minister of Hotels and Tourism Saw Lwin has stated that the government receives a significant percentage of the income of private sector tourism services. [50] The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India, importing Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts, which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation. Together with Ngwe Gaing and a handful of other artists, they were the pioneers of western painting style. In the north, the Hengduan Mountains form the border with China. [256], Many U.S. and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines. The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions, and several warring states emerged. [221] In an address to the United Nations Security Council on 22 September 2011, Myanmar's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin confirmed the government's intention to release prisoners in the near future. [285][286], Myanmar is ethnically diverse. The upper house consists 168 members who are directly elected and 56 who are appointed by the Burmese Armed Forces. [212] Over 300 houses and several public buildings were razed. In 2007 German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws,[200] while non-religious causes have also been raised, such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II—during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya[201] and fought against the puppet government of Burma (composed mostly of Bamar Japanese) that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013. First Myanmar Investment Co., Ltd. (FMI) became the first stock to be traded after receiving approval for an opening price of 26,000 kyats ($22).[277]. [43] Evidence of Neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE has been discovered in the form of cave paintings in Padah-Lin Caves. It displaced more than 52,000 people.[213]. Plans were partly financed by printing money, which led to inflation. C’est l’ethnie majoritaire au pouvoir qui a donné son nom au pays. [131], Myanmar's recent political history is underlined by its struggle to establish democratic structures amidst conflicting factions. The administrative divisions are further subdivided into districts, which are further subdivided into townships, wards, and villages. In Archaeology in Southeast Asia, from Homo Erectus to the living traditions: choice of papers from the 11th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, 25–29 September 2006, Bougon, France, Michael Clodfelter. These were the first openly contested elections held in Myanmar since 1990. Like the Pagan Empire, Ava, Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities. Où sont passés les neuf millions de Birmans manquants? [12] In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses. Goods travel primarily across the Thai border (where most illegal drugs are exported) and along the Irrawaddy River. selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. [152] This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture. The kingdom was a protectorate of the Bengal Sultanate at different time periods.[55]. By 1770, Alaungpaya's heirs had subdued much of Laos and fought and won the Burmese–Siamese War against Ayutthaya and the Sino-Burmese War against Qing China. [341] Football is played all over the country, even in villages, and its national team is ruled by the Myanmar Football Federation. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier, Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. [222], The government has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive. Having held off Ava, the Mon-speaking Hanthawaddy entered its golden age, and Arakan went on to become a power in its own right for the next 350 years. During the Japanese invasion of the area in World War II, the British followed a scorched earth policy. ", "Caution by Junta's Asian Neighbors Reflects Their Self-Interest", "24th ASEAN Summit, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 10–11 May 2014", "For Rohingya in Bangladesh, No Place is Home", "World Military Spending Topped US$1 trillion in 2004", "Nuclear Watchdog asks Burma to Open Up Suspect Sites", "Alleged North Korean Involvement in Missile Assembly and Underground Facility Construction in Burma", "The World's Most Repressive Regimes 2013", "Are EU Trade Sanctions on Burma Compatible With WTO Law? [139], Despite Western isolation, Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments, particularly in natural resource extraction. En pleine transition depuis quelques années, la Birmanie s'affirme de plus en plus comme une destination forte d'Asie du Sud-Est malgré encore des problèmes dans certaines régions. [11] There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of ethnic minorities, its response to the ethnic insurgency, and religious clashes. [144], In 2008, India suspended military aid to Myanmar over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta, although it has preserved extensive commercial ties, which provide the regime with much-needed revenue. [77] There were sporadic protests against military rule during the Ne Win years, and these were almost always violently suppressed. Almost all aspects of society (business, media, production) were nationalised or brought under government control under the Burmese Way to Socialism,[75] which combined Soviet-style nationalisation and central planning. After independence, the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed. ", in addition to expressing a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar's military forces. AP News. L'âge médian est l'âge qui divise la population en deux groupes numériquement égaux, la moitié est plus jeune et l'autre moitié est plus âgée. There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces, but none was confirmed. However, the Burmese military remains a powerful force in politics. Naturalised citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide "conclusive evidence" that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948. During this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country. [19], In 1989, the military government officially changed the English translations of many names dating back to Burma's colonial period or earlier, including that of the country itself: Burma became Myanmar. Religious edifices and orders have been in existence for many years. In contrast, constant warfare left Ava greatly weakened, and it slowly disintegrated from 1481 onward. Myanmar's armed forces are known as the Tatmadaw, which numbers 488,000. [134], Though the country's foreign relations, particularly with Western nations, have historically been strained, the situation has markedly improved since the reforms following the 2010 elections. In 1961, U Thant, the Union of Burma's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former secretary to the prime minister, was elected Secretary-General of the United Nations, a position he held for ten years. Often, the boats are very small and dangerous on the open seas. President Barack Obama praised the former general for political and economic reforms and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States. A regional spinoff of the annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the summit was held on 5–7 June and attended by 1,200 participants, including 10 heads of state, 12 ministers and 40 senior directors from around the world. Later on most young children learned the concepts from them. [311] Other religions are practised largely without obstruction, with the notable exception of some religious minorities such as the Rohingya people, who have continued to have their citizenship status denied and treated as illegal immigrants instead,[191] and Christians in Chin State. In 2009, a documentary about Burmese videojournalists called Burma VJ was released. Naissances aujourd'hui: 336 813. British colonial rule introduced Western elements of culture to Myanmar. The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century, and the country became a British colony. Considered the national epic of Myanmar, the Yama Zatdaw, an adaptation of India's Ramayana, has been influenced greatly by Thai, Mon, and Indian versions of the play. Si l’on suit ce schéma, il est tout à fait possible que ce nombre atteigne les 60 millions et plus d’ici quelques années. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty. In 1826, Burma lost Arakan, Manipur, Assam and Tenasserim to the British in the First Anglo-Burmese War. Le Myanmar (ou Birmanie) est un pays dAsie du Sud-Est continentale (autrefois appelée Indochine). A new constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was adopted in 1974. Source : Le Département des affaires économiques et sociales des Nations Unies . The 2013 Southeast Asian Games took place in Naypyidaw, Yangon, Mandalay and Ngwesaung Beach in December representing the third occasion that the event has been staged in Myanmar. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823 but can prove they have one grandparent, or pre-1823 ancestor, who was a citizen of another country, as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma with 1,700 prisoners taken. Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. [42] The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 25,000 BP with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar.

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