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His teachers noticed his attachment, and started calling him "Jean-Bédel. [38][39], The "friendly and fraternal" cooperation with France—according to Bokassa's own terms—reached its peak with the imperial coronation ceremony of Bokassa I on 4 December 1977. [14], A delegation led by Meng Yieng and agents of the Chinese government toured the country, showing communist propaganda films. [14] Widespread political corruption by government officials and politicians added to the country's list of problems. Acclamé par ses partisans, le président déchu était exilé depuis 2013. [16] Bokassa felt that he needed to take over the CAR government to solve all the country's problems—most importantly, to rid the country from the influence of communism. The French daily evening newspaper Le Monde reported that Banza was killed in circumstances "so revolting that it still makes one's flesh creep": Two versions concerning the end circumstances of his death differ on one minor detail. In 1975, the French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing declared himself a "friend and family member" of Bokassa. [56], His Imperial Majesty Bokassa the First, Apostle of Peace and Servant of Jesus Christ, Emperor and Marshal of Central Africa[55], Offices and positions held by Jean-Bédel Bokassa, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBokassa1985 (, Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa, 1981 Central African Republic coup d'état, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Crown Prince of the Central African Empire, Grand Cross of the National Order of Chad, Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Nile, Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures, Volunteer Combatant Cross Medal of 1939-1945, Volunteer Combatant Resistance Cross Medal, Free France Voluntary Service Commemorative Medal, Grand Cross of the Order of the Equatorial Star, Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast, Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite, Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion, Grand Cross of the Order of the Yugoslav Star, Grand Cross of the National Order of the Leopard, "Army Chief of Staff Seizes Power in Upper Volta. The massive worldwide press coverage which followed the deaths of the students opened the way for a successful coup which saw French troops invade the Central African Empire and restore former president David Dacko to power, while Bokassa fled into exile by airplane to Ivory Coast on 20 September 1979. Bokassa remained in the CAR for the rest of his life. After hearing about the efforts of a prophet named Karnu to resist French rule and forced labour,[2] Mindogon decided that he would no longer follow French orders. [29] A year later, after Banza made a number of remarks highly critical of Bokassa and his management of the economy, the president, perceiving an immediate threat to his power, removed him as his minister of state. Bokassa pleaded not guilty to all of the charges against him. [35] He had earlier appointed the CAR's first female government minister, Marie-Joséphe Franck, in February 1970. [33], In 1971, Bokassa promoted himself to full general, and on 4 March 1972 declared himself president for life. [4] As a child, he was frequently taunted by his classmates about his orphanhood. [19], Dacko did not conceal his plans. In 1987, he was cleared of charges of cannibalism, but found guilty of the murder of schoolchildren and other crimes. Bokassa was said to have wept silently as Judge Franck sentenced him to death. In September 1976, Bokassa dissolved the government and replaced it with the Conseil de la Révolution Centrafricaine (Central African Revolutionary Council). [18], Tensions between Dacko and Bokassa continued to escalate in the coming months. At an official dinner, he said, "Colonel Bokassa only wants to collect medals and he is too stupid to pull off a coup d'état". The coronation ceremony lasted for two days and cost 10 million GBP, more than the annual budget of the Central African Republic. Bokassa restored ties with PRC and visited China in 1976. [28], On 13 April 1968, in another one of his frequent cabinet reshuffles, Bokassa demoted Banza to minister of health, but let him remain in his position as minister of state. To the Bokassa regime, this visit meant that the French had finally accepted the new changes in the country. Polygamy, dowries, and female circumcision were all abolished. [20], Around midnight, Bokassa, Banza, and their supporters left Camp de Roux to take over the capital. The cannibalism charges against him were brought from old indictments in 1980 that resulted in his conviction in absentia, a year before Kolingba's amnesty, so the anthropophagy charge remained listed among Bokassa's crimes. Former president Dacko was called to the witness stand to testify that he had seen photographs of butchered bodies hanging in the dark cold-storage rooms of Bokassa's palace immediately after the 1979 coup. [29] Banza revealed his intention to stage a coup to Lieutenant Jean-Claude Mandaba, the commanding officer of Camp Kassaï, whom he looked to for support. He lived a private life in Bangui, and died in November 1996. A défaut, un second tour est organisé entre les deux candidats arrivés en tête au premier, et celui recueillant le plus de voix est déclaré élu[1]. [45] When no funds promised by Gaddafi were forthcoming, Bokassa abandoned his new faith—which was also incompatible with his plans to be crowned emperor in the Catholic cathedral in Bangui. The bourgeoisie is abolished. [12] Bokassa frequently got into heated arguments with Jean-Paul Douate, the government's chief of protocol, who admonished him for not following the correct order of seating at presidential tables. [50] He returned from exile in France on 24 October 1986. [37] France also lent support. [30], On 12 April, Banza presented his case before a military tribunal at Camp de Roux, where he admitted to his plan, but stated that he had not planned to kill Bokassa. In December, Dacko approved an increase in the budget for Izamo's gendarmerie, but rejected the budget proposal Bokassa had made for the army. [1] [2] If no presidential candidate receives more than 50% of the vote, a second round of the presidential elections will take place on 14 February 2021. The prosecution did not examine the rumours that Bokassa had served the flesh of his victims to French President Giscard and other visiting dignitaries. Jean-Bédel Bokassa ([ʒɑ̃ bedɛl bɔkasa]; 22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996), also known as Bokassa I, was a Central African political and military leader who served as the second president of the Central African Republic and as the emperor of its successor state, the Central African Empire, from his Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état on 1 January 1966 until overthrown in a subsequent coup in 1979. Following his overthrow, the CAR was restored under his predecessor, David Dacko. The trial by jury of a former head of state was unprecedented in the history of post-colonial Africa, where former dictators had previously been tried and executed following show trials. Bokassa sat on a two-ton throne modeled in the shape of a large eagle made from solid gold.[42]. After Bokassa reciprocated by meeting Tombalbaye on 2 April 1966, along the southern border of Chad at Fort Archambault, the two decided to help one another if either was in danger of losing power. [28] In the meantime, Banza tried to obtain a support base within the army, spending much of his time in the company of soldiers. Samba-Panza became the first female head of state of the Central African Republic. On 7 September 1950, Bokassa headed to Indochina as the transmissions expert for the battalion of Saigon-Cholon. The Franco-Central African relationship drastically changed when France's Renseignements Généraux intelligence service learned of Bokassa's willingness to become a partner of Muammar al-Gaddafi of Libya. After attending the celebrations and a 23 July ceremony to mark the closing of a military officer training school he had attended decades earlier, Bokassa decided to return to the CAR. [9] The French colony of Ubangi-Chari, part of French Equatorial Africa, had become a semi-autonomous territory of the French Community in 1958 and then an independent nation as the Central African Republic on 13 August 1960. Jean-Arthur Bandio, the minister of interior, suggested Dacko name Bokassa to the Cabinet, which he hoped would both break the colonel's close connections with the CAR army and satisfy the colonel's desire for recognition. As testimony against him mounted, he gave away at several times his legendary short temper. By this time, many people inside and outside the CAE thought Bokassa was insane. [5] After the occupation of France by Nazi Germany, Bokassa served with an African unit of the Free French Forces and took part in the capture of the Vichy government's capital at Brazzaville. [19], Bokassa received substantive support from his co-conspirator, Captain Alexandre Banza, who commanded the Camp Kassaï military base in northeast Bangui, and, like Bokassa, had been stationed with the French army around the world. Bokassa was born on 22 February 1921, as one of 12 children to Mindogon Bokassa, a village chief, and his wife Marie Yokowo in Bobangui, a large M'Baka village in the Lobaye basin located at the edge of the equatorial forest, then a part of colonial French Equatorial Africa, some 80 kilometres (50 mi) southwest of Bangui. The court acknowledged that many individual allegations of murder had been levelled at Bokassa but found that the evidence was unimpeachable in only about 20 cases. [21], In the morning, Bokassa addressed the public via Radio Bangui: "This is Colonel Bokassa speaking to you. He tried to justify the coup by explaining that Izamo and communist Chinese agents were trying to take over the government and that he had to intervene to save the CAR from the influence of communism. Est élu le candidat ayant recueilli la majorité absolue des suffrages exprimés au premier tour. Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». [53][54] With the return of democracy to the Central African Republic in 1993, Kolingba declared a general amnesty for all prisoners as one of his final acts as President, and Bokassa was released on 1 August 1993. On 10 October 1979, the French Canard Enchaîné satirical newspaper reported that President Bokassa had offered the then Minister of Finance Giscard two diamonds in 1973. Guards then beat Banza until his back was broken, dragged him through the streets of Bangui and finally shot him."[32]. At Bokassa's court arraignment, the in absentia 1980 verdict was overturned and a new trial was ordered for him. The company considered this to be a rebellious act, so they detained Mindogon, and took him away bound in chains to Mbaïki. France gave him political asylum because of his service in the French military.[35]. "[21] President Dacko was taken to Ngaragba Prison in east Bangui at around 02:00 WAT (01:00 UTC). Bokassa claimed that Dacko finally gave up after French President Charles de Gaulle had personally told Dacko that "Bokassa must be immediately returned to his post. A hospital nurse testified that Bokassa was said to have killed the delivered child with an injection of poison. He then studied at Father Compte's school in Brazzaville, where he developed his abilities as a cook. [56] In the lead-up to this official rehabilitation, Bokassa has been praised by CAR politicians for his patriotism and for the periods of stability that he brought the country. [23] He called it "a lifeless organ no longer representing the people". On 12 June 1987, Bokassa was acquitted on charges of cannibalism, but found guilty on all of the other charges. As of 2020 , the CAR is the scene of a civil war, ongoing since 2012. A "morality brigade" was formed in the capital to monitor bars and dance halls. In exchange, Bokassa frequently took Giscard on hunting trips in Central Africa and supplied France with uranium, which was vital for France's nuclear energy and weapons program in the Cold War era. [55] Bokassa died of a heart attack on 3 November 1996 at his home in Bangui at the age of 75. [citation needed]. [27] Soon after, other African countries began to diplomatically recognize the new government. [41] The ceremony was organized by French artist Jean-Pierre Dupont. [56] The decree went on to hold that "This rehabilitation of rights erases penal condemnations, particularly fines and legal costs, and stops any future incapacities that result from them". Bokassa could not be charged or convicted with the crime, even if there was evidence of guilt. After graduating in 1939, Bokassa took the advice offered to him by his grandfather, M'Balanga, and Father Grüner, by joining the French colonial troops as a tirailleur on 19 May 1939. Jean-Bédel Bokassa served as a de facto head of state (and also reigned as Emperor from 1976–1979), while David Dacko (who served as de facto head of state from 1979–1981), André Kolingba, Ange-Félix Patassé, and François Bozizé were elected into office at some point during their tenure. [19], Dacko left the Palais de la Renaissance early in the evening of 31 December 1965, to visit one of his ministers' plantations southwest of Bangui. In 1956, he was promoted to second lieutenant, and two years later to lieutenant. [4], While serving in the Second bataillon de marche, Bokassa became a corporal in July 1940, and a sergeant major in November 1941. [51], Bokassa's trial began on 15 December 1986, taking place in the Palais de Justice in Bangui. Throughout the trial, Bokassa denied all the charges against him. [49], Bokassa had been tried and sentenced to death in absentia in December 1980 for the murder of numerous political rivals. [20] Bokassa called Izamo at his headquarters and asked him to come to Camp de Roux to sign some documents that needed his immediate attention. Bokassa, who was visiting Libya on a state visit at the time, fled to Ivory Coast where he spent four years living in Abidjan. [26] He alleged that Chinese agents in the countryside had been training and arming locals to start a revolution, and on 6 January 1966, he dismissed the communist agents from the country and cut off diplomatic relations with China. [25], Despite the changes in the country, Bokassa had difficulty obtaining international recognition for his new government. Upon arrival of two more French military transport aircraft containing over 300 French troops, a message was then sent by Colonel Brancion-Rouge to Colonel Degenne to trigger the second phase known as Operation Barracuda to have him come in with his helicopters and aircraft. Several of them testified that on their first night in jail, Bokassa visited the prison and screamed at the children for their insolence. Syndical Union of Central African Workers, This page was last edited on 16 August 2020, at 04:16. [12] To combat the chance that Bokassa would stage a coup, Dacko created the gendarmerie, an armed police force of 500 and a 120-member presidential security guard, led by Jean Izamo and Prosper Mounoumbaye, respectively. I'm just a man like everyone else." Bokassa recognized what his minister was doing, so he sent military units most sympathetic to Banza to the country's border and brought his own army supporters as close to the capital as possible. Tenacious rumors that he occasionally consumed human flesh were found unproven during his eventual trial. [25] Begging was banned. [24] President Bokassa allowed MESAN to continue functioning. [49] He rented it to the Cercle national des combattants, a non-profit organization run by National Front politician Roger Holeindre from 1986 to 1995, when the Cercle purchased it from Bokassa. He then moved to France where he was allowed to settle in his Chateau d'Hardricourt in the suburb of Paris. [29] At his house in Berengo, Bokassa nearly beat Banza to death before Mandaba suggested that Banza be put on trial for appearance's sake. Banza was an intelligent, ambitious and capable man who played a major role in the planning of the coup. [51], In another regional innovation, access to the trial was granted to the public; this meant that the courtroom was constantly filled with standing-room-only spectators. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest and Cameroon to the west. Upon seizing power from David Dacko in 1981, the current President André Kolingba had declared amnesty for all misdemeanours committed during the tenure of his predecessors. On 4 December 1976, at the MESAN congress, Bokassa converted back to Catholicism and instituted a new constitution that transformed the republic into the Central African Empire (CAE), with himself as "His Imperial Majesty" Bokassa I. Bokassa was formally crowned on 4 December 1977. En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? Parisian jeweller Claude Bertrand made his crown, which included diamonds. He returned to the Central African Republic in 1986 and was put on trial for treason and murder. [1] On 13 November 1927, he was beaten to death in the town square just outside the prefecture office. Deposed President Asserts He 'Rejoices' at Coup Curfew Is Continued", "Central Africans Execute Official. To date, Kolingba is the only former head of state of the Central African Republic to voluntarily step down from the office through a democratic process, following the 1993 general election. [36] Over time, Bokassa's domestic and foreign policies became increasingly unpredictable, leading to another assassination attempt at Bangui M'Poko International Airport in February 1976. [20] After seizing the capital in a matter of hours, Bokassa and Banza rushed to the Palais de la Renaissance in order to arrest Dacko. He was said to have ordered the prison guards to club the children to death, and Bokassa participated, smashing the skulls of at least five children with his ebony walking stick. After a meeting with Gaddafi in September 1976, Bokassa converted to Islam and changed his name to Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa, but in December 1976 he converted back to Catholicism. The current President of the Central African Republic is Faustin-Archange Touadéra, since 30 March 2016. Szpiner and Gibault appealed the verdict for a retrial on the grounds that the Central African Republic's constitution allowed a former head of state to be charged only with treason. Le président de la république centrafricaine est élu au scrutin uninominal majoritaire à deux tours pour un mandat de cinq ans renouvelable une seule fois. David Dacko remained president until he was overthrown on 1 September 1981 by André Kolingba. In 1996, as his health declined, he proclaimed himself the 13th Apostle and claimed to have secret meetings with the Pope. Bokassa realized he had to act against Dacko quickly, and worried that his 500-man army would be no match for the gendarmerie and the presidential guard. [11], Bokassa sought recognition for his status as leader of the army. Operation Caban began on the evening of 20 September, and ended early the next morning as the first phase of Bokassa's overthrow. For heads of state with multiple affiliations, the political party listed first is the party the person was affiliated with at the beginning of the tenure. [17], Dacko sent Bokassa to Paris as part of the country's delegation for the Bastille Day celebrations in July 1965. The aid failed to subdue the prospect of a financial collapse for the country. [29], When Banza contacted his co-conspirators on 8 April 1969, informing them that they would execute the coup the following day, Mandaba immediately phoned Bokassa and informed him of the plan. Rumours abounded that Bokassa himself occasionally participated in beatings and executions. Late that afternoon, soldiers dragged a still identifiable corpse, with the spinal column smashed, from barrack to barrack to serve as an example. [19] An hour and a half before midnight, Captain Banza gave orders to his officers to begin the coup. Due to his relationship to Dacko and experience abroad in the French military, Bokassa was able to quickly rise through the ranks of the new national army, becoming the Central African Army's first colonel on 1 December 1964. [1] Mindogon was forced to organise the rosters of his village people to work for the French Forestière company. Bokassa once stood up and raged at chief prosecutor M'Boudou: "The aggravating thing about all this is that it's all about Bokassa, Bokassa, Bokassa! [13], Other members of Dacko's cabinet believed that Bokassa was a genuine threat to the regime. The American newsmagazine, Time, reported that Banza "was dragged before a Cabinet meeting where Bokassa slashed him with a razor. Mandaba went along with the plan, but his allegiance remained with Bokassa. Two months later, the French government deployed 80 paratroopers to Bangui. [34] He survived another coup attempt in December 1974. He remained in the French Army after the war, studying radio transmissions at an army camp in the French coastal town of Fréjus. [46] The final straw came between 17 April and 19 April, when a large number of elementary school students in Bangui and elsewhere in the country were arrested after they had protested against paying for and wearing the expensive, government-required school uniforms with Bokassa's image on them. [43][44] This soon became a major political scandal known as the Diamonds Affair, which contributed significantly to Giscard's losing his reelection bid in 1981. Bokassa then took Dacko to Camp Kassaï, where he forced the president to resign. The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres (240,000 sq mi) and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million as of 2018 . On 1 January 1962, Bokassa left the French Army and joined the Central African Armed Forces with the rank of battalion commandant under then commander-in-chief Mgboundoulou.

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