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[Cited 2019 July 22.] Isotope dilution was the calibration method of choice. Young people in particular were very difficult to recruit. 2013;86(7):767–76. Further analysis of all participants living in one of those two cities (n = 28) shows that the range of their urinary uranium excretion is very broad, from below LOD to the maximum value of this study. Health Phys. [Cited 2019 July 22.] This study aimed at assessing uranium exposure of the general Swiss adult population through measurement of 24-hour urinary uranium excretion. Pacific Northwest Lab, Richland, WA, USA. Available from: https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_16AEF897B618.P001/REF, 35 Adriaens AG, Kelly WR, Adams FC. 23 IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). doi:. Environ Res. Public Service Open Access is also known als Diamond or Platinum OA. 2013;3:1–150. Auvinen A, Kurttio P, Pekkanen J, Pukkala E, Ilus T, Salonen L. Uranium and other natural radionuclides in drinking water and risk of leukemia: a case-cohort study in Finland. Assessing potential risks from exposure to natural uranium in well water. [7] fall within this range. [Cited 2019 July 22.] Wagner SE, Burch JB, Bottai M, Puett R, Porter D, Bolick-Aldrich S, et al.Groundwater uranium and cancer incidence in South Carolina. Orloff KG, Mistry K, Charp P, Metcalf S, Marino R, Shelly T, et al.Human exposure to uranium in groundwater. Once ingested and intestinally absorbed, uranium appears in the bloodstream and subsequently accumulates mainly in the kidney, the liver and bone. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20680 PubMed, 29 Zamora ML, Zielinski JM, Moodie GB, Falcomer RAF, Hunt WC, Capello K. Uranium in drinking water: renal effects of long-term ingestion by an aboriginal community. doi:. Additional information can be found here. 2009;64(4):228–41. Toxicol Sci. In: Merkel BJ, Hasche-Berger A, editors. Uranium in drinking-water, Background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality. doi:. doi:. Ann Intern Med. [Cited 2019 July 22.] Radiat Prot Dosimetry. Diabetol Stoffwechs. Chemie der Erde Geochemistry.2009;69:75–90. Available from: Barr DB, Wilder LC, Caudill SP, Gonzalez AJ, Needham LL, Pirkle JL. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2007. 14 UBA (Umweltbundesamt). Am J Kidney Dis. J Am Soc Nephrol. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster. [last access 22 July 2019]. Available from: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1018, 3 Bigalke M, Ulrich A, Rehmus A, Keller A. Accumulation of cadmium and uranium in arable soils in Switzerland. Swiss Medical Weekly EMH Swiss Medical Publishers Ltd. Farnsburgerstrasse 8 CH-4132 Muttenz Tel. ; CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). doi:. On the basis of uranium exposure, assessed via 24-hour urinary uranium excretion, and current knowledge of the toxicity of naturally occurring uranium, a substantial corresponding health risk for the general adult population is unlikely. In the long-term, the Switzerland Population is projected to trend around 8.66 Million in 2021 and 8.72 … Cancer Causes Control. Urinary albumin, calcium, sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine, as well as serum creatinine were analysed by the Laboratoire de Chimie Clinique of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland). doi:. Nonetheless, the assessment of possible health impacts through uranium such as renal dysfunction remains difficult, as the current biomarkers are not specific for the effects caused by chronic uranium exposure. 2010;74(7):2082–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2013.738171 PubMed, 56 Mao Y, Desmeules M, Schaubel D, Bérubé D, Dyck R, Brûlé D, et al.Inorganic components of drinking water and microalbuminuria. The 24-hour urine volume ranged between 321 and 7500 ml with a median of 1881 ml. It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons, with federal authorities based in Bern. 2005;113(2):192–200. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. See: emh.ch/en/emh/rights-and-licences/. Wrenn ME, Durbin PW, Howard B, Lipsztein J, Rundo J, Still ET, et al.Metabolism of ingested U and Ra. WHO. Chronic ingestion of uranium in drinking water: a study of kidney bioeffects in humans. For the 24-hour urine, an overall uranium median of 6.1 ng/l was obtained for the survey years 2001–2009 (n = 3840), as well as 5.9 ng/l for the survey year 2011 (n = 424) [48]. Uranium transfer in the food chain from soil to plants, animals and man. [Cited 2019 July 22.] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Atlanta, GA. 2013. 2018;13(S02):S217–20. However, absorption rates can go up to 6% [11, 25]. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2020.20207 Uranium concentration was normalised for 24-hour excretion by means of the 24-hour urine volume. 1995;68(4):484–98. doi:. 2011;111(8):1271–9. Available from: Taylor DM, Taylor SK. Health Phys. Day-to-day fluctuation of uranium excretion can however be remarkable [32, 33]. The corresponding intake estimates for Switzerland of 3.7 µg/day by Stalder et al. Available from: Muikku M, Puhakainen M, Heikkinen T, Ilus T. The mean concentration of uranium in drinking water, urine, and hair of the occupationally unexposed Finnish working population. Landbauforsch Völkenrode. A relevant health risk, attributable to uranium exposure, is assumed unlikely for the general Swiss adult population. Available from: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/chemicals/background_uranium.pdf?ua=1. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. - Mots-clefs: démographie, pyramide de population, pyramide des âges, vieillissement, retraites, Suisse, 2020. Other indicators visualized on maps: (In English only, for now) Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19) Shelley R, Kim NS, Parsons PJ, Lee BK, Agnew J, Jaar BG, et al.Uranium associations with kidney outcomes vary by urine concentration adjustment method. ; National Kidney Foundation. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) on uranium in foodstuffs, in particular mineral water. Environ Health Perspect. We use end of June each year due to Australia Bureau of Statistics always follow Australia financial year when they published the data. Environ Res. The latter was, however, strongly dependent on the presence of diabetes mellitus. Urine samples were thawed overnight at 4°C, equilibrated for 2 hours to ambient temperature, and homogenised before pipetting. Urinary uranium excretion was not associated with age in the present study. doi:. Available from: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/377/dokumente/uran.pdf, 15 Muikku M, Puhakainen M, Heikkinen T, Ilus T. The mean concentration of uranium in drinking water, urine, and hair of the occupationally unexposed Finnish working population. doi:. doi:. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.01.007, 9 Stalder E, Blanc A, Haldimann M, Dudler V. Occurrence of uranium in Swiss drinking water. Ann Intern Med. 2020;150:w20207, Jenny-Burri Juditha, Blanc Annabellea, Aubert Rafaela, Haldimann Maxa, Zürcher Ursinaa, Burnier Michelb, Paccaud Fredc, Bochud Muriellec, Dudler Vincenta, a Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO), Risk Assessment Division, Bern, Switzerland, b Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland, c Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland. 2005;114(1):109–13. In Canada, median urinary uranium concentrations of both survey cycles 1 and 2 were below the respective LOD of 9 ng/l (n = 3474, 20–79 years of age, survey years 2007–2009) and 10 ng/l (n = 3635, 20–79 years of age, survey years 2009–2011) [46, 47]. Chemosphere. ; CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). 1994. doi:. 2009;1018:1–59. doi:. doi:. © Chernetskaya | Dreamstime.com, Judith Jenny-Burri, Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO),, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155,, CH-3003 Bern, judith.jenny-burri[at]blv.admin.ch, 1 ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry). 2003;105(1-4):55–60. [Cited 2019 July 22.] [Cited 2019 July 22.] 1998;Session 3:325-7. Available from: Malátová I, Bečková V, Kotík L. Urinary excretion of uranium in adult inhabitants of the Czech Republic. 2013. 2009;96(6):646–54. Available from: https://monographs.iarc.fr/iarc-monographs-on-the-evaluation-of-carcinogenic-risks-to-humans-43/. The willingness of people to participate and to collect a 24-hour urine sample was at the same time the biggest challenge and limitation of this study. 2012;86(6):672–9. For people who are not occupationally exposed, food and drinking water are the principal sources of uranium intake [1, 2, 14]. 2017;221:85–93. Measured intake and excretion patterns of naturally occurring 234U, 238U, and calcium in humans. Available from:https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/environmental-workplace-health/reports-publications/environmental-contaminants/second-report-human-biomonitoring-environmental-chemicals-canada-health-canada-2013.html, 48 Dobler L, Eckard R, Günsel A, Langel D, Müller A, Oganowski M, et al. Assessing potential risks from exposure to natural uranium in well water. No association was found for age, BMI, smoking habit or the other examined kidney related variables. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/REVEH.1997.12.3.147 PubMed, 7 Bosshard E, Zimmerli B, Schlatter C. Uranium in the diet: Risk assessment of its nephro- and radiotoxicity. 16 Schnug E, Steckel H, Haneklaus S. Contribution of uranium in drinking waters to the daily uranium intake of humans - a case study from Northern Germany. Its most populous states are California with a population of 39.5 million and Texas with a population of 28.7 million, and its most populous city is New York City with a population of 8.4 million. Firstly, uranium contents of plants are highest in early spring and decrease over the course of the season [11] and secondly, washing and peeling of vegetables can reduce the uranium content considerably [4]. doi: Anke M, Seeber O, Müller R, Schäfer U, Zerull J. In order to offer you a better user experience, we use cookies. An additional contribution has been received from the Swiss Society of Hypertension. Such corrections are sensitive to bias, especially in population-wide collectives, due to demographic differences [42–44]. Stalder E, Blanc A, Haldimann M, Dudler V. Occurrence of uranium in Swiss drinking water. 2009;109(4):486–94. Uptake of uranium in plants depends on the bioavailable concentration in the soil or irrigation water, as well as the plant species. 2012. [Cited 2019 July 22.] Uptakes in a range between 1 and 2% have been suggested for adults [22–26]. Environ Res. Hence, diabetes mellitus seems to affect albumin excretion to a greater extent than uranium exposure. Screening, monitoring, and treatment of albuminuria: Public health perspectives. Environ Res. Besides nephrotoxicity, other health outcomes such as reproductive and developmental alterations, diminished bone growth, DNA damage, neurotoxicity and oestrogenic effects are documented, though mainly from animal studies [1, 19]. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. doi:. doi:. 24 Leggett RW, Harrison JD. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which represents an overall index of kidney function [49, 50] was not considered as a model variable in order to prevent the reduction of the collective size by the participants who refused a blood withdrawal. Exclusion of the highest uranium value of 591 ng/24 h did not have any influence on the overall results or on the conclusions of this work. Health Phys. https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:25054928. Kidney Int Suppl. Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements. The ratio 238U/233U was measured after the addition of a defined amount of 233U to each sample. 2019;29(3):424–34. When the suggested background burden by UBA [14] was taken into account, n = 36 or 2.6% of the participants from the current collective showed a uranium concentration >60 ng/l. Kidney Int Suppl. The same also applies to bottled water [2, 7, 16]. Further information on sample collection is given by Chappuis et al. doi:. The accumulation or mobility in soil and aqueous media depends on uranium concentration and oxidation state, as well as the properties of the environmental matrix such as pH, soil redox potential (Eh) and the presence of inorganic or organic ligands. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Urinary uranium excretion depicted a positively skewed distribution with an excretion median of 15 ng/24 h and the corresponding 25th, 75th and 95th percentiles of 7, 31 and 67 ng/24 h. A compilation of the uranium excretion medians of different subgroups is shown in table 1. The observed association of 24-hour urinary uranium excretion with the type of water consumed highlights the importance of bottled water as a uranium source in Switzerland (table 2). 2002;59(1):29–40. Uranium. Furthermore, as an increased albumin excretion could also be caused by diabetic nephropathy [58], the GLM model was recalculated after exclusion of all participants with ongoing diabetes mellitus therapy (n = 44). A median of 4.9 ng/l or 4.6 ng/g creatinine was reported in France (n = 1991, 18–74 years of age, ENNS, survey years 2006–2007) [41]. 5 WHO. doi:. Auvinen A, Salonen L, Pekkanen J, Pukkala E, Ilus T, Kurttio P. Radon and other natural radionuclides in drinking water and risk of stomach cancer: a case-cohort study in Finland. Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster. For the second question, “Usually, before taking water from the tap (to prepare coffee or tea…) do you let water flow for some seconds or minutes?” a choice of yes or no was given [34]. Urinary uranium levels (24-hour sampling) of subgroups of the collective under study. A squared multiple correlation (R2) of 0.541 defined the overall fit of the resulting model. doi:. The second highest uranium excretion was 1.6 times lower at 364 ng/24 h. The assessment of low level uranium exposure is important as population-based studies including mostly non-occupationally exposed participants are still scarce. High-purity water (18.3 MΩ cm, ELGA LabWater, Marlow, UK) was used for all dilutions. Swiss Q2 GDP Contraction Revised, Still Highest on Record, Swiss Current Account Surplus Smallest since 2017, Swiss Trade Surplus Widens as Exports Rise, Swiss Producer and Import Prices Fall Further, Switzerland Jobless Rate Highest in 3 Months, Swiss Consumer Prices Drop Less than Expected, Switzerland Factory Activity Rises for 1st Time in Over a Year, Swiss Retail Sales Rise at Faster Pace in July, Dollar Set for Biggest Daily Drop in a Month, South African Rand Weakens Ahead Unemployment Data, Brazilian Stocks Trade in Positive Territory. 1998;43(1):68–77. doi:. Rev Environ Health. 2013;76(2):86–97. In: Proceedings of the IRPA regional symposium on radiation protection in neighbouring countries of Central Europe. Health Phys. [Cited 2019 July 22.] Under oxidising conditions, the most prevalent species in nature is the uranyl ion (UO22+) [2, 6]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2007.12.001, 12 Hakonson-Hayes AC, Fresquez PR, Whicker FW. On the individual level, the compilation of the places of residence of participants with a uranium excretion above the 95th percentile (n = 70) and uranium hot spots from the above mentioned drinking water study did reveal that 70% of these participants live not in such an area, but rather in other communes all over the country. Zamora ML, Zielinski JM, Moodie GB, Falcomer RAF, Hunt WC, Capello K. Uranium in drinking water: renal effects of long-term ingestion by an aboriginal community. Zamora ML, Tracy BL, Zielinski JM, Meyerhof DP, Moss MA. Uranium was quantified in 24-hour urine from a nationwide population-based sample (n = 1393). In: Osimani, C, editor. 1993;65(5):660–3. The highest uranium excretion values among the cantons of sampling were found in Valais, followed by Geneva. Uranium. [Cited 2019 July 22.] Hence, based on the place of residence, no prediction can be made about the individual uranium exposure of a person. Environ Res. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00053a031, 36 Reinivuo H, Valsta LM, Laatikainen T, Tuomilehto J, Pietinen P. Sodium in the Finnish diet: II trends in dietary sodium intake and comparison between intake and 24-h excretion of sodium. The corresponding RSD for between-run precisions were at 2.9% for the NIST standard, 11.1% for the high-level urine and 7.4% for the uranium standard solution. [Cited 2019 July 22.] 78. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2005;88(3):229–42. All freezing and cooling cycles were checked beforehand for sample stability. (World Health Organization). Geochim Cosmochim Acta. doi:. J Environ Radioact. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3577700 PubMed, 21 Prat O, Vercouter T, Ansoborlo E, Fichet P, Perret P, Kurttio P, et al.Uranium speciation in drinking water from drilled wells in southern Finland and its potential links to health effects. 1993;65(5):660–3. Service de Néphrologie et Institut Universitaire de Médecine Sociale et Préventive. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(01)00034-0 PubMed. Toxicological profile for Uranium. However, as long as no specific sensitive biomarker for the biological impact of low-dose chronic uranium exposure has been identified and validated, assessing subtle health impact of such exposure will remain difficult. It allows API clients to download millions of rows of historical data, to query our real-time economic calendar, subscribe to updates and receive quotes for currencies, commodities, stocks and bonds. doi:. Uran und Human-Biomonitoring, Stellungnahme der Kommission Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes. On the contrary, Berglund et al. Available from: https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/37/115/37115672.pdf?r=1&r=1, 52 Malátová I, Bečková V, Kotík L. Urinary excretion of uranium in adult inhabitants of the Czech Republic. Propagation of uncertainties in isotope dilution mass spectrometry using pulse counting detection. 2011;26(4):231–49. doi:. 2002;13(9):825–9. +41 (0)61 467 85 55 Fax +41 (0)61 467 85 56 e-mail: Editorial office, EMH MediaSchweizerische ÄrztezeitungSwiss Medical ForumPrimary and Hospital CareCardiovascular MedicineSwiss Archives of Neurology, Psychiatry and PsychotherapySynapseSwiss Medical Informatics. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. Human gastrointestinal absorption is generally low and depends on the solubility of the uranium species [2, 21]. Fréry N, Saoudi A, Garnier R, Zeghnoun A, Falq G. Exposition de la population française aux substances chimiques de l'environnement. Introduction History Geography Government Maps Leaders Population Flags Religion Economy Climate Energy Weather Data Military Communicatns Intl. The model residuals followed normal distribution as verified through a Shapiro-Francia test (data not shown). 2011;144(1-4):379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0598-0566, 59 Zamora ML, Tracy BL, Zielinski JM, Meyerhof DP, Moss MA. The authors express their sincere gratitude to the Swiss Survey on Salt Group, namely E Battegay, I Binet, A Chappuis, D Conen, P Erne, L Gabutti, A Gallino, N Glatz, P Greminger, I Guessous, D Hayoz, P Meier, F Muggli, A Péchère-Bertschi, PM Suter and A von Eckardstein, for their key participation in data collection. Environ Health Perspect. Comparability with population-based studies from other countries is, apart from the use of spot urines, further limited by number. Available from: https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/KDIGO_2012_CKD_GL.pdf, 50 Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF, Feldman HI, et al. 2005;88(3):229–42. In Germany, samples from a student collective aged between 20 and 29 years are collected annually for the Federal Environmental Specimen Bank. EFSA J. For non-exposed subjects, a urine uranium concentration up to 60 ng/l has been suggested as a typical background burden [14]. J Environ Radioact. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.11.022 PubMed, 10 Surbeck H, Deflorin O, Kloos O. Spatial and temporal variations in the uranium series background in Alpine groundwaters. [Cited 2019 July 22.] 1985;48(5):601–33. In: Proceedings of the IRPA regional symposium on radiation protection in neighbouring countries of Central Europe.

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